Chapter 01: History of Dentistry
Bird and Robinson: Modern Dental Assisting, 12th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Who was the first woman to become a dental assistant?
a.	Jennie D. Spurrier	
b.	Malvina Cueria	
c.	Irene Newman	
d.	Lucy B. Hobbs-Taylor	

ANS:	B
Malvina Cueria was the first female dental assistant. Jennie D. Spurrier was the first female dentist in Illinois. Irene Newman was the first female dental hygienist. Lucy B. Hobbs-Taylor was the first woman to graduate from a recognized college of dentistry.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 8, Table 1.2			OBJ:	6
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	2.	Who is known as the “Father of Modern Dentistry”?
a.	Hippocrates	
b.	Leonardo da Vinci	
c.	G.V. Black	
d.	Pierre Fauchard	

ANS:	D
Pierre Fauchard is considered the “Father of Modern Dentistry.” Hippocrates is known as the “Father of Medicine.” Leonardo da Vinci was the first to describe the difference between premolars and molars. G.V. Black is known as the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry.”

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 5	OBJ:	2 | 3	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	3.	The Hippocratic Oath is an obligation to
a.	uphold the ethical principles of the American Medical Association.	
b.	practice within the bounds of a particular specialty and to refer when indicated.	
c.	maintain standards to maintaining and transferring patient records according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).	
d.	refrain from wrongdoing and to treat patients to the best of one’s ability.	

ANS:	D
The Hippocratic Oath is the basis for the code of ethics for the medical and dental professions and is based on the solemn obligation to “do no harm” to the patient. Hippocrates lived from 460-377 BC and created the Hippocratic Oath long before the existence of the American Medical Association. The Hippocratic Oath did not address when referral to a specialist is appropriate. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by Congress in 1996.

DIF:	Application	REF:	p. 3	OBJ:	2	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	4.	Who was the first to write about nerves in the teeth?
a.	Pierre Fauchard	
b.	Claudius Galen	
c.	John Baker	
d.	Leonardo da Vinci	

ANS:	B
Claudius Galen (AD 130-200) was the first to write about nerves in the teeth. Pierre Fauchard developed dentistry as an independent profession and originated the title of “surgeon dentist.” He also dispelled the theory that tooth decay was caused by tooth worms. John Baker was a physician and dentist who practiced in colonial America. He was one of George Washington’s dentists. Leonardo da Vinci sketched every internal and external structure of the body. He was the first anatomist to describe the differences between molars and premolars.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4	OBJ:	2	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	5.	Which early American dentist is credited with developing the principle of extension for prevention?
a.	Robert Woofendale	
b.	John Baker	
c.	Paul Revere	
d.	G.V. Black	

ANS:	D
G.V. Black developed the principle of “extension for prevention” and standardized rules for cavity preparation and filling. Robert Woofendale was one of the first dentists to travel throughout the American colonies. John Baker was one of the dentists who treated George Washington. Paul Revere is credited with beginning the science of forensic dentistry, by performing the first identification of a corpse based on dental history.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	pp. 6-7	OBJ:	5	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	6.	Which dentist is credited with the discovery of inhalation anesthesia?
a.	Horace Hayden	
b.	Frederick McKay	
c.	Horace Wells	
d.	G.V. Black	

ANS:	C
Horace Wells is credited with the discovery of inhalation anesthesia in 1844. Horace Hayden, along with Chapin Harris, established the first dental school in the world in Baltimore, Maryland. Frederick McKay discovered that fluoride is connected with the prevention of dental caries. G.V. Black earned the title of the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry” through his unmatched contributions to the dental profession.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 7	OBJ:	2 | 5	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	7.	Which of the following is credited with beginning the science of forensic dentistry?
a.	Paul Revere	
b.	Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen	
c.	G.V. Black	
d.	Pierre Fauchard	

ANS:	A
Paul Revere is credited with beginning the science of forensic dentistry. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. G.V. Black standardized dental materials and dental instruments and authored more than 500 dental articles. Pierre Fauchard is considered the “Father of Modern Dentistry.”

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 6	OBJ:	4	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	8.	What important medical discovery did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen make in 1895?
a.	Inhalation anesthesia	
b.	X-rays	
c.	Amalgam	
d.	Novocaine	

ANS:	B
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Horace Wells is credited with the discovery and first use of nitrous oxide in 1844. Amalgam was first used by the Chinese and then in the West by M. Taveau in 1826. Novocaine was created in Germany in 1905 and was found to be effective when mixed with a proportion of epinephrine.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 7	OBJ:	5	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	9.	In some dental schools today, women represent almost _____% of dental students.
a.	30	
b.	50	
c.	70	
d.	90	

ANS:	B
Today, women represent almost 50% of the dental students in some dental schools.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 7	OBJ:	6	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	10.	Who was the first female African American dentist?
a.	Ida Gray-Rollins	
b.	C. Edmund Kells	
c.	G.V. Black	
d.	Robert Woofendale	

ANS:	A
Ida Gray-Rollins was the first female African American dentist. The first dentist to use a dental assistant was C. Edmund Kells, in 1885. G.V. Black was the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry.” Robert Woofendale was one of the first dentists to travel throughout the American colonies.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 8	OBJ:	6 | 7	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	11.	Which of the following organizations is responsible for the evaluation and accreditation of dental educational programs in the United States?
a.	The Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association	
b.	The U.S. Department of Education	
c.	The licensing department of the respective State Board of Dentistry	
d.	The legislature of the state where the program is located	

ANS:	A
The Commission on Dental Accreditation of the ADA is responsible for evaluating and accrediting dental education programs in the United States. The U.S. Department of Education is not responsible for the accreditation of dental educational programs in the United States. The licensing board of the respective State Board of Dentistry licenses practitioners for that state, but they do not accredit the dental hygiene programs. The legislature of the state usually authorizes the creation of a state board of dentistry, which grants licenses to practitioners.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 12	OBJ:	10	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	12.	Where is the Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry located?
a.	New York City	
b.	Atlanta	
c.	Baltimore	
d.	Los Angeles	

ANS:	C
The Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry, the largest and most comprehensive museum of dentistry in the world, is located on the grounds of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in Baltimore, Maryland.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 12	OBJ:	11	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	13.	Which of the following organizations released Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings in 2003?
a.	Organization for Safety, Asepsis, and Prevention (OSAP)	
b.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	
c.	Food and Drug Administration (FDA)	
d.	American Dental Association (ADA)	

ANS:	B
The Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings was released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2003. In 2016, the CDC released an update, “CDC Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care.” This document introduces checklists to help dental workers follow the guidelines to prevention infection.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	14.	Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris contributed to the advancement of dentistry by
a.	being the first African American dental students.	
b.	discovering x-rays.	
c.	establishing the first dental school.	
d.	setting the standard for dental assisting textbooks.	

ANS:	C
Hayden and Harris established the first dental college in the world, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, which is now the University of Maryland, School of Dentistry. African Americans were not accepted at dental schools until 1867, when Harvard University initiated its first dental class and accepted Robert Tanner Freeman as its first black student. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. Hazel O. Torres and Ann Ehrlich set the standard for dental assisting textbooks in 1976 when they co-authored Modern Dental Assisting.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	p. 6	OBJ:	5
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	15.	Hazel Torres and Ann Ehrlich contributed which of the following to dentistry?
a.	Discovery of nitrous oxide	
b.	Discovery of x-rays	
c.	First African-American dental student	
d.	Published a dental assisting textbook	

ANS:	D
Hazel O. Torres and Ann Ehrlich set the standard for dental assisting textbooks in 1976 when they co-authored Modern Dental Assisting. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. Horace Wells is credited with the discovery of inhalation anesthesia using nitrous oxide. African Americans were not accepted at dental schools until 1867, when Harvard University initiated its first dental class and accepted Robert Tanner Freeman as its first black student.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	p. 10	OBJ:	9
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	16.	Who was the first recognized American Indian female dentist?
a.	Irene Newman	
b.	Alfred Fones	
c.	Jessica Rickert	
d.	Hazel Torres	

ANS:	C
Jessica Rickert attended the University of Michigan, School of Dentistry. There were six women in a class of 150. Currently, she practices in Interlochen, Michigan. Irene Newman was the first dental hygienist. Ann Ehrlich and Hazel Torres co-authored the textbook Modern Dental Assisting.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 9	OBJ:	8	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	17.	To maintain accreditation status, dental and dental auxiliary schools are required to be reviewed every _____ years.
a.	5	
b.	7	
c.	9	
d.	12	

ANS:	B
Dental and dental auxiliary schools are reviewed every 7 years. To maintain accreditation status, schools are reviewed every 7 years rather than every 5 years. To maintain ADA accreditation status, schools are reviewed every 7 years rather than every 9 years. To maintain accreditation status, schools are reviewed every 7 years rather than every 12 years.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 12	OBJ:	10	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	18.	Which one of the following organizations was created by Congress in 1970?
a.	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	
b.	Occupational Safety and Protection (OSAP)	
c.	Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)	
d.	Centers for Disease Control (CDC)	

ANS:	C
OSHA was created in 1970. It is a federal regulatory agency that is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA ensures the health and safety of America’s workers. It also provides training and outreach education and encourages continual improvement in workplace safety and health.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	19.	The report Oral Health in America was released by the _______________ in 2000.
a.	Food and Drug Administration (FDA)	
b.	White House	
c.	surgeon general	
d.	Centers for Disease Control (CDC)	

ANS:	C
The report Oral Health in America was released by the surgeon general in 2000.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	20.	Siwak is an example of which of the following type of early oral hygiene aid?
a.	Ivory tooth pick	
b.	Animal-hair bristle brush	
c.	Tree twig	
d.	Nylon bristle brush	

ANS:	C
Siwak, a tree twig containing natural minerals, was recognized as an oral hygiene device by Muhammad in the seventh century. Wooden sticks, ivory-handled animal-hair bristle brushes, and tree twigs were all early tools used to clean the mouth.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 3	OBJ:	2	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	21.	History shows a cleft palate repair more than _______ years ago in China.
a.	4200	
b.	2200	
c.	1200	
d.	200	

ANS:	B
More than 2200 years ago, a cleft palate was repaired on a child in China.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 3	OBJ:	2	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	22.	Dental disease has been recorded since the
a.	early 1900s.	
b.	mid 1800s.	
c.	late 1700s.	
d.	earliest times.	

ANS:	D
Dental disease has been documented from the earliest times.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 2	OBJ:	2	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	23.	Who was one of the first dentists to travel throughout the American colonies?
a.	Pierre Fauchard	
b.	Robert Woofendale	
c.	Leonardo da Vinci	
d.	John Baker	

ANS:	B
Robert Woofendale was one of the first dentists to travel throughout the American colonies. Pierre Fauchard developed dentistry as an independent profession. Leonardo da Vinci sketched every internal and external structure of the body. John Baker was one of George Washington’s dentists.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 6	OBJ:	4	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	24.	Who was the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry”?
a.	Pierre Fauchard	
b.	John Baker	
c.	G.V. Black	
d.	Robert Woofendale	

ANS:	C
G.V. Black earned the title of the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry” through his unmatched contributions to the profession. Pierre Fauchard is known as the “Father of Modern Dentistry.” John Baker was one of George Washington’s dentists. Robert Woofendale was one of the first colonial dentists.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 6	OBJ:	5	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	25.	Which is not an accomplishment of G.V. Black?
a.	He believed that dentistry should stand as a profession independent of medicine.	
b.	He invented numerous machines for testing metal alloys and dental instruments.	
c.	He standardized rules of cavity preparation and filling.	
d.	He is credited with beginning forensic dentistry.	

ANS:	D
Paul Revere is credited with beginning forensic dentistry. G.V. Black had the vision that dentistry should stand as a profession independent of medicine. G.V. Black invented numerous machines for testing metal alloys and dental instruments. G.V. Black standardized rules of cavity preparation and filling.

DIF:	Application	REF:	p. 6	OBJ:	4	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	26.	Who was the first to describe the anatomical differences between molars and premolars?
a.	Pierre Fauchard	
b.	Claudius Galen	
c.	Leonardo da Vinci	
d.	Ambroise Paré	

ANS:	C
Leonardo da Vinci was the first to sketch internal and external structures of the human anatomy and describe in detail the differences between molars and premolars. Pierre Fauchard was a physician who willingly shared knowledge at a time when physicians typically guarded their knowledge and skills. He dispelled the theory that tooth decay was caused by a tooth worm. Claudius Galen was the first author to mention the nerves in teeth. Ambroise Paré wrote extensively describing tooth extraction methods and reimplantation of teeth.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 5	OBJ:	3	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	27.	Who is the barber surgeon known as the “Father of Modern Surgery”?
a.	Pierre Fauchard	
b.	Ambroise Paré	
c.	G.V. Black	
d.	Robert Woofendale	

ANS:	B
Ambroise Paré is the “Father of Modern Surgery.” Pierre Fauchard is referred to as the “Father of Modern Dentistry.” G.V. Black is the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry.” Robert Woofendale was one of the first colonial dentists.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 5	OBJ:	3	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	28.	Who is credited with first using a prosthesis?
a.	Pierre Fauchard	
b.	Ambroise Paré	
c.	Leonardo da Vinci	
d.	Robert Woofendale	

ANS:	B
Ambroise Paré, the “Father of Modern Surgery,” also is credited as the first to use artificial eyes, hands, and legs. Pierre Fauchard is referred to as the “Father of Modern Dentistry.” He dispelled the theory that tooth decay was caused by a tooth worm, but he is not credited with using a prosthesis. Leonardo da Vinci was the first artist to sketch internal and external structures of the human anatomy and describe in detail the differences between molars and premolars. He is not credited as the first to use a prosthesis. Robert Woofendale was one of the first colonial dentists, but he is not credited with using a prosthesis.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 5	OBJ:	3	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	29.	Who was the first woman to graduate from the College of Physicians and Surgeons (now the University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry) in 1904?
a.	Ida Rollins	
b.	Faith Sai So Leong	
c.	Lucy Hobbs-Taylor	
d.	Geraldine Morrow	

ANS:	B
Faith Sai So Leong immigrated to the United States in 1894 and graduated from dental school in 1904. She practiced dentistry in San Francisco. Ida Rollins was the first black woman to earn a formal DDS degree. Lucy Hobbs-Taylor was the first woman to graduate from a dental college. Geraldine Morrow was the first female president of the ADA.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	pp. 7-8	OBJ:	6	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	30.	___________ is recognized as the first black woman to earn a formal DDS degree.
a.	Geraldine Morrow	
b.	Lucy Hobbs-Taylor	
c.	Ida Gray-Rollins	
d.	Deborah Greenspan	

ANS:	C
Ida Gray-Rollins was the first black woman to earn a formal DDS degree. Geraldine Morrow was the first female president of the ADA. Lucy Hobbs-Taylor was the first woman to graduate from a dental college. Deborah Greenspan is recognized worldwide for her research related to HIV and AIDS.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 8	OBJ:	6	
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	31.	The American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA) was founded in
a.	1904.	
b.	1914.	
c.	1924.	
d.	1934.	

ANS:	C
The ADAA was founded in 1924.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	32.	The Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) was founded in
a.	1908.	
b.	1928.	
c.	1938.	
d.	1948.	

ANS:	D
The DANB was founded in 1948.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	33.	When were cases of what later was identified as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) first reported?
a.	1950	
b.	1970	
c.	1980	
d.	1990	

ANS:	C
The first cases of what later was identified as AIDS were reported in 1980.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	34.	When did the first hepatitis B vaccine become available?
a.	1952	
b.	1972	
c.	1982	
d.	1992	

ANS:	C
The first hepatitis vaccine became available in 1982.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	35.	The Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) published a report of infection control for dental offices in
a.	1968.	
b.	1978.	
c.	1988.	
d.	1998.	

ANS:	B
The ADA Journal published a report of infection control for dental offices in 1978.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations

	36.	When was the American Dental Association (ADA) founded?
a.	1809	
b.	1839	
c.	1859	
d.	1929	

ANS:	C
The ADA was founded in 1859.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	p. 4, Table 1.1			OBJ:	2
TOP:	CDA, GC, VII. Office Operations